ABSTRACT
Background: Laparoscopic Assisted Vaginal Hysterectomy (LAVH) has become increasingly popular as a definite alternative to abdominal hysterectomy. Objective: To compare operative outcomes of laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH) and total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH). Study design: Retrospective case control study. Materials and Methods: Data from medical records of 29 cases and 29 controls were reviewed and recorded. Study design: Retrospective case control study. Setting: A tertiary care hospital at Bareilly (UP). Subjects: Twenty nine patients who underwent LAVH between 01 October 2010 and 30 September 2011 were recruited as cases and controls were 29 patients, who underwent TAH during the same period. Inclusion criteria were that patients be matched in a case control manner for age, weight, diagnosis, and uterine size. Results: Basic characteristics such as age, parity, weight and uterine size of cases and controls were comparable. Mean operative time was 139±11 minutes for LAVH group which was significantly longer than 99±9 minutes for TAH group. Mean blood loss during surgery in LAVH group of patients was 250ml and it was 275 in abdominal hysterectomy patients, however observed differences were not significant. Mean Hb drop after 24 Hrs of surgery was 1.4g/dl in LAVH group and it was 1.6g/dl in TAH group and differences was not significant. Number of doses of injectable analgesics used per patients was significantly more in TAH group (2.3) in comparison to LAVH (1.2). Overall complication was 14% in LAVH and 10% in TAH and differences were not significant. The mean hospitalization was significantly shorter for LAVH group 2.7 days compared to 5.5 days in TAH group. Conclusion: LAVH had longer operative time but with shorter hospital stay in comparison with TAH.
ABSTRACT
Infectious diseases are major cause of morbidity and mortality in children. One of the most cost effective and easy methods for the child survival is immunization. Objective of present study was to find out the various reasons for partial or non immunization of child and to assess the factors associated with immunization. The present cross sectional study was carried out in urban slums of Bareilly city from April 2010 to Aug. 2010 using 30 by 7 cluster sampling technique. A total of seven children aged 12-23 months were interviewed from each cluster on pre tested, predesigned schedule, thus giving us the sample size of 210.Chi square test was applied for statistical analysis. Two third children (61.9%) were found to be fully immunized. Immunization coverage was high for BCG (92.86%) and lowest for measles (62.38%). Most common reason (50%) for partial and non immunization of children was found to be ignorance on the part of parents. Religion, education of both mother and father was found to be significantly associated with immunization status. The need of the hour is to make routine immunization a “felt need” of the community. Increasing the knowledge and understanding of the caretakers of the young children about the essentiality and benefits of routine immunization would be a strong step forward in achieving the goals.
ABSTRACT
Background & objectives: Resistance amongst cockroaches has been reported to most of the spray insecticides apart from the problem of food contamination and inconvenience. Gel baits which can be selectively applied have been found effective in control of cockroaches in laboratory studies but very few field studies are available. This trial was planned to evaluate the efficacy of fipronil (0.01%) and imidacloprid (2.15%) gels over synthetic pyrethroid (0.02% deltamethrin + 0.13% allethrin) and propoxur (2%) aerosols in control of cockroaches in the field. Methods: Survey was done to find out pre-treatment density in catering establishments and houses by visual count and sticky trap methods. A total of 10 catering establishments and 10 houses having high cockroach infestation were selected by sampling (two catering establishments and houses for each insecticidal treatment and two for control). Propoxur and synthetic pyrethroid aerosols were used for spraying the infested sites once only. Single application of fipronil and imidacloprid gels was used as crack and crevice treatment. Visual count method gave better indications of cockroach infestation as compared to sticky trap method, hence, the same was followed for post-treatment evaluation every week up to 12 weeks. Results: Synthetic pyrethroid could not bring about the desired reduction in cockroach infestation in the present study. Single application of fipronil gel was able to reduce cockroach infestation up to 96.8% at the end of 12 weeks whereas imidacloprid application resulted in 90.9% reduction and propoxur resulted in 77.5%. However, propoxur was more effective in reducing the cockroach density by first week in comparison to imidacloprid and fipronil gels but its efficacy started declining after 8th week. Difference was found statistically significant by Kruskal-Wallis H-test. Conclusion: The study reports the efficacy of propoxur aerosol, imidacloprid gel and fipronil gel baits for control of cockroaches.